为了规范COVID-19成年住院患者的临床管理、改善患者预后,欧洲呼吸协会(European Respiratory Society, ERS)和中华医学会呼吸病学分会(Chinese Thoracic Society, CTS)进行合作,通过对相关文献进行系统性回顾,发布了《COVID-19成年住院患者治疗动态指南》(下文简称《指南》)。此版《指南》基于系统评价和meta分析证据、采用GRADE方法,共回答了11个临床问题(14条推荐意见)。指南证据级别分为高(A)、中(B)、低(C)、极低(D)四级,推荐强度分为强推荐(1)、弱推荐(2)两级。
糖皮质激素
推荐意见1:对于需要氧疗、无创通气或有创机械通气的COVID-19住院患者,推荐使用糖皮质激素治疗。(1B)
推荐意见2:对于无需氧疗或呼吸支持的COVID-19住院患者,不推荐使用糖皮质激素治疗。(1B)
推荐意见说明:过度炎症反应在COVID-19的发展中起着重要的作用,糖皮质激素作为一个广谱抗炎药物,可能降低COVID-19患者的系统性炎症反应水平。通过分析6项随机对照试验及1项荟萃分析的结果 [1-5] ,专家组给出了上述推荐意见。其中,对于不同氧合情况(氧疗条件)患者的推荐主要依据RECOVERY研究的亚组分析。
研究方向:糖皮质激素种类、给药时机、剂量、疗程、长期副作用等问题需要更多研究。此外,对于无需氧疗或呼吸支持的患者,特定亚组(如存在过度炎症反应证据或影像学改变)是否会从糖皮质激素治疗中获益,还需进一步研究。
IL-6受体单克隆抗体
推荐意见3:对于需要氧疗或呼吸支持的COVID-19住院患者,建议使用IL-6受体单克隆抗体治疗。(2C)
推荐意见4:对于无需氧疗的COVID-19住院患者,不建议使用IL-6受体单克隆抗体治疗。(2C)
推荐意见说明:数项观察性研究 [6-8]发现,重症COVID-19患者体内IL-6升高,且其水平和病死率相关。8项随机对照试验 [9-16]提示了IL-6受体单克隆抗体在需要呼吸支持的COVID-19患者中的治疗价值。虽然8项研究的meta分析未发现IL-6受体单克隆抗体显著降低病死率(OR 0.90 [95%CI 0.73-1.12]),但是样本量最大的RECOVERY研究和REMAP-CAP研究均发现了病死率获益。此外,其中4项的meta分析提示IL-6受体单克隆抗体显著降低机械通气风险(OR 0.75 [95%CI 0.63-0.90]);6项研究的meta分析提示IL-6受体单克隆抗体显著降低发生复合结局(机械通气或死亡)的风险(OR 0.74 [95%CI 0.72-0.88])。RECOVERY研究的亚组分析提示,IL-6受体单克隆抗体在糖皮质激素基础上有额外获益。
治疗注意事项:1、符合IL-6受体单克隆抗体使用指征的患者,需要在已接受过或正在进行糖皮质激素治疗的前提下,使用IL-6受体单克隆抗体进行治疗(有糖皮质激素禁忌症者除外)。
2、 更有可能获益的患者包括:(1)接受无创通气或有创机械通气24小时内的患者;(2)正在接受氧疗且接受糖皮质激素治疗后病情仍进展或机械通气高风险的患者。
研究方向:IL-6受体单克隆抗体治疗的最适人群还需要更多研究。
羟氯喹
推荐意见5:无论是住院或是门诊COVID-19患者,均不推荐使用羟氯喹治疗。(1B)
推荐意见说明:羟氯喹是一种抗疟疾药物,对SARS-CoV-2存在有效的体外实验数据 [17]。11项随机对照试验 [18-28]提示,与标准治疗相比,羟氯喹治疗COVID-19患者在病死率、机械通气风险、ICU转入率等方面无显著临床获益,反而会增加不良事件发生率。
研究方向:不建议继续开展羟氯喹相关临床研究。
阿奇霉素
推荐意见6:对于无细菌感染的COVID-19住院患者,不建议使用阿奇霉素治疗。(2D)
推荐意见说明:阿奇霉素是大环内酯类抗生素,具有抗病毒和免疫调节的活性 [29,30]。3项随机对照试验 [20,31,32]提示,与标准治疗相比,阿奇霉素治疗COVID-19患者在病死率、住院时间、临床恶化等方面无显著临床获益。但对于存在细菌共感染的患者,阿奇霉素可能有潜在价值。
研究方向:相较于研究抗生素在COVID-19患者中的治疗价值,相关资源更应被分配到研究COVID-19患者的细菌共感染率以及相关检测方法、分子标志物上。
羟氯喹联合阿奇霉素
推荐意见7:不建议羟氯喹联合阿奇霉素用于COVID-19住院患者的治疗。(2B)
推荐意见说明:1项随机对照试验提示 [20],与标准治疗相比,羟氯喹和阿奇霉素联合治疗不能使COVID-19住院患者临床获益。
研究方向:之后的研究重点应该放在羟氯喹、阿奇霉素之外的抗病毒药物上。
秋水仙碱
推荐意见8:不建议秋水仙碱用于COVID-19住院患者的治疗。(2D)
推荐意见说明:秋水仙碱可以抑制IL-1、IL-6、炎性小体,且具有抗凝血活性的体外实验证据 [33-35]。针对秋水仙碱治疗COVID-19开展的1项病例对照研究 [36]以及2项小样本随机对照试验 [37,38]的结果出现了分歧,因此,意见8的证据等级极低。
研究方向:秋水仙碱在COVID-19治疗中的效果需要通过大样本随机对照试验进一步验证。
洛匹那韦-利托那韦
推荐意见9:不推荐洛匹那韦-利托那韦用于COVID-19住院患者的治疗。(1C)
推荐意见说明:洛匹那韦是HIV-1天冬氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,利托那韦是细胞色素P450抑制剂,可以延长洛匹那韦的血浆半衰期;二者在HIV治疗中有着广泛的应用。此外,对于SARS患者,洛匹那韦-利托那韦可以降低病毒载量以及不良临床结局的风险 [39]。3项随机对照试验 [19,40,41]提示,与标准治疗相比,洛匹那韦-利托那韦联合治疗COVID-19患者在病死率、病毒载量、有创机械通气等方面无显著临床获益。
研究方向:3项随机对照试验包括了2项大样本研究,因此,专家组不建议继续开展洛匹那韦-利托那韦相关研究。
瑞德西韦
推荐意见10:对于是否在无需有创机械通气的COVID-19住院患者中使用瑞德西韦治疗,专家组无推荐。
推荐意见11:对于需要有创机械通气的COVID-19住院患者,不建议使用瑞德西韦治疗。(2B)
推荐意见说明:瑞德西韦是病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶抑制剂,对SARS-CoV-2存在有效的体外实验数据 [42]。美国国立卫生研究院发起的ACTT-1 [43]结果提示,与安慰剂组相比,瑞德西韦治疗COVID-19患者在临床改善时间、住院时间等方面有显著临床获益,而WHO的SOLIDARITY试验 [19]发现接受瑞德西韦治疗的COVID-19患者在病死率等方面没有显著临床获益。另外,在安全性方面,两项研究均提示瑞德西韦组及对照组没有显著差异。因此,专家组对于是否使用瑞德西韦治疗无需有创机械通气的患者无推荐,但认为其可用于随机对照试验中。
研究方向:识别出能从瑞德西韦治疗中获益的患者亚组是将来研究的重点。此外,包括临床改善时间、住院时间等临床终点需要被纳入到将来的研究中,以验证ACTT-1的结果。
干扰素β
推荐意见12:不建议干扰素β用于COVID-19住院患者的治疗。(2D)
推荐意见说明:干扰素β是细胞释放的、应对病毒感染的、固有免疫反应中的重要组成部分,研究显示SARS-CoV-2可以抑制干扰素的释放,且其程度和疾病严重程度相关 [44]。WHO的SOLIDARITY试验 [19]提示,在COVID-19患者中,干扰素β组与对照组在临床获益和安全性方面均无显著差异,但是2项小型概念验证试验(Proof of concept trials)提示了干扰素β治疗可以降低COVID-19患者死亡率 [45,46]。
研究方向:在此次系统文献回顾完成后,专家组注意到,近日发表的一项小型试验 [47]提示了吸入干扰素β-1a可以使COVID-19患者有显著临床获益,这表明了给药方式对疗效的潜在影响。专家组建议将来的试验可以进一步验证吸入性干扰素的疗效。
抗凝剂
推荐意见13:推荐抗凝剂用于COVID-19住院患者的治疗。(1D)
推荐意见说明:SARS-CoV-2感染可能增加患者静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)的风险 [48]。现有的抗凝剂治疗COVID-19患者的证据全部来自于观察性研究 [49],其中5项研究提示了预防性和治疗性的抗凝剂使用均可以降低COVID-19患者的病死率。尽管证据等级非常低,专家组认为,在许多国家,对存在血栓栓塞风险的住院患者进行预防性抗凝治疗是临床常规,因此推荐抗凝剂用于COVID-19住院患者的治疗。
研究方向:抗凝剂种类、剂量(预防剂量/治疗剂量)、疗程、用药人群是将来研究的重点。
呼吸支持治疗
推荐意见14:存在低氧血症性急性呼吸衰竭(hypoxemic acute respiratory failure, hARF)且没有立即进行有创机械通气指征的COVID-19患者,建议使用经鼻高流量湿化氧疗(flow nasal cannula oxygen, HFNC)或无创连续气道正压通气(non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure, non-invasive CPAP)治疗。(2D)
推荐意见说明:关于呼吸支持治疗的临床研究异质性较大,且多为观察性研究。其中4项研究 [50-53]提示了与标准氧疗相比,HFNC可以降低COVID-19患者的插管率,且CPAP与HFNC有着类似的疗效。但需要注意的是,如果HFNC和CPAP治疗无效时,应及时对患者进行气管插管和机械通气。
研究方向:需要设计随机对照试验来探究存在hARF的COVID-19患者的最佳呼吸支持模式。
《COVID-19成年住院患者治疗动态指南》是一份动态指南,目前发布的是初版。单克隆中和抗体、恢复期血浆等其他治疗方法尚未包含在内,相关内容将会添加到未来的版本中。此外,对于此版本已涵盖的治疗方法,如果有新的数据出现,将会及时对内容进行更新。
指南原文:Chalmers JD, Crichton ML, Goeminne PC, et al. Management of hospitalised adults with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): A European Respiratory Society living guideline. Eur. Respir. J. (2021). doi: 10.1183/13993003.00048-2021.
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编译
张雪杨
清华大学临床八年制医学博士在读,曾赴美国匹兹堡大学进行两年访学,现在北京协和医院临床学习。
审校
商潋瀚
北京中医药大学中西医结合临床专业博士在读(九年制博士阶段),主要研究方向为呼吸系统感染性疾病。
* 代表中国肺炎研究(https://www.chinapneumonia.cn/)
本文完
排版:Jerry